基于维修数据的医用超声设备常见故障与易损部件分析

目的 对超声设备故障现象和易损部件进行分类统计,探讨针对性的超声设备预防性维修维护策略.方法 对2016～2019年间457次超声设备故障进行统计分析,从故障现象、导致该故障现象的易损部件等方面进行分类统计.结果 超声设备高发的故障现象依次为显示故障(34％)、开机故障(23％)、面板故障(16％)和探头故障(11％),高发的易损部件依次为探头(38％)、面板(17％)、电源(12％)、计算机硬件(9％)和板卡(8％),且进口设备与国产设备之间、台式设备与便携式设备之间的高发易损部件存在差异;进口设备高发易损部件依次为探头(37％)、面板(18％)和电源(13％),国产设备高发易损部件依次为探头(40％)、软件(21％)和面板(12％);台式设备高发易损部件依次为探头(42％)、面板(20％)和计算机硬件(9％),便携式设备高发易损部件为电源(34％)、探头(22％)和计算机硬件(8％).结论 超声设备高发的易损部件主要为探头、面板、电源、计算机硬件和板卡,且进口设备与国产设备之间、台式设备与便携式设备之间的高发易损部件存在差异,对超声设备的预防性维修维护应主要针对这些高发易损部件展开,同时应根据设备之间的差异具有针对性.     

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies Evaluating Point-of-Care Tests of Coagulopathy in Cardiac Surgery

Treatment guidelines recommend the routine use of point-of-care diagnostic tests for coagulopathy in the management of cardiac surgery patients at risk of severe bleeding despite uncertainty as to their diagnostic accuracy. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of viscoelastometry, platelet function tests, and modified thromboelastography (TEG) tests, for coagulopathy in cardiac surgery patients. The reference standard included resternotomy for bleeding, transfusion of non-red cell components, or massive transfusion. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Clinical Trials.gov, from inception to June 2019. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2. Bivariate models were used to estimate summary sensitivity and specificity with (95% confidence intervals). All 29 studies (7440 participants) included in the data synthesis evaluated the tests as predictors of bleeding. No study evaluated their role in the management of bleeding. None was at low risk of bias. Four were judged as low concern regarding applicability. Pooled estimates of diagnostic accuracy were; Viscoelastic tests, 12 studies, sensitivity 0.61 (0.44, 0.76), specificity 0.83 (0.70, 0.91) with significant heterogeneity. Platelet function tests, 12 studies, sensitivity 0.63 (0.53, 0.72), specificity 0.75 (0.64, 0.84) with significant heterogeneity. TEG modification tests, 3 studies, sensitivity 0.80 (0.67, 0.89), specificity 0.76 (0.69, 0.82) with no evidence of heterogeneity. Studies reporting the highest values for sensitivity and specificity had important methodological limitations. In conclusion, we did not demonstrate predictive accuracy for commonly used point-of-care devices for coagulopathic bleeding in cardiac surgery. However, the certainty of the evidence was low.     

胃肠超声造影的临床应用价值

目的对比胃肠超声造影的优缺点,探讨对胃十二指肠良恶性病变的诊断符合率,评估胃肠超声造影的临床应用价值。方法选取200例有胃肠道症状患者的胃肠超声造影检查结果,与胃镜检查结果对比分析。结果胃肠超声造影对胃肠道疾病的诊断符合率为94.34%,特异度为100%,敏感度为94.12%,与胃镜对比,在胃十二指肠良恶性病变的检出率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论口服胃肠超声造影剂对胃十二指肠结构性病变的诊断符合率高,且能有助于提高胰腺等腹膜后病变的检出率,有较好的诊断价值。应熟练掌握胃肠超声检查的适应证,规范扫查流程。     

The role of regional anaesthesia and multimodal analgesia in the prevention of chronic postoperative pain: a narrative review

Effective prevention of chronic postoperative pain is an important clinical goal, informed by a growing body of studies. Peri-operative regional anaesthesia remains one of the most important tools in the multimodal analgesic toolbox, blocking injury-induced activation and sensitisation of both the peripheral and central nervous system. We review the definition and taxonomy of chronic postoperative pain, its mechanistic basis and the most recent evidence for the preventative potential of multimodal analgesia, with a special focus on regional anaesthesia. While regional anaesthesia targets several important aspects of the mechanistic pathway leading to chronic postoperative pain, evidence for its efficacy is still mixed, possibly owing to the heterogeneity of risk profiles within the surgical patient, but also to variation in techniques and medications reported in the literature.